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People and Events

People and Events.



Year State Location Description Source Persons Named as Rioters Persons Named as Targets Note
1863 Texas San Antonio, Texas July: Mob hanged Ben Franks, a local cattleman, outside jail after officers had arrested him. Frank was charged with murder and robbery. Sonnechison.10 Texas Feuds, p.81 Ben Franks
1863 New York NYC July: Draft riots. Start in protest of $300 exemption clause of draft. Includes attacks on homes and shops of the rich, but quickly black people become the main focus of rioters' wrath. African Americans lynched from light posts, homes and institutions destroyed. Concerted fight with authorities. Army ordered in and massive street battles ensue. At least 105 died. Cook, Headley, Bernstein.
1863 Iowa South English, Keokuk Co., Iowa August: Battle between local copperheads and soldiers, led to several deaths. Governor ordered in 11 companies of home guards to restore order. Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.164-165; Coaklen.Role, p.261-262
1863 Illinois Dawville, Illinois August: Mob of about 400 besieged office of local provost Marshall over the draft. Five people killed before military put down the riot. Coakley.Role, p.262-263
1863 Pennsylvania Philadelphia August: Conflict between coscripts and neighboring farmers over trespassing. One farmer shot and killed. Scharf and Wescott, p.809
1863 Pennsylvania Audenreid, PA November: Mob of miners broke into the home of George K. Smith and killed him. Smith, a mine operator, had apparently given a list of employees to a draft officer. Aurand, p.98 George K. Smith
1863 Montana Montana November: Vigilantes active throughout the area to punish robbers and murderers who had hitherto been proected by the corrupt officers of the law. Thirty men hanged. H+W, p.462-465
1863 California Los Angeles November: Crowd of 200 arrested 5 Anglo drifters who allegedly murdered a prospector and resisted arrest. All five lynched. Blew. "Vigilantism," p.23
1863 California Los Angeles December: Convicted murderer of an Anglo rancher, Manuel Cerredel, seized aboard steamer taking him to San Quinton and hanged from a yard arm. Blew. "Vigilantism," p.24 Manuel Cerredel
1863 California Los Angeles December: Charles Wilkens, convicted of murdering John Sanford, merchant, was dragged from the court room and hanged in a nearby corral. Blew. "Vigilantism," p.24 Charles Wilkens
1863 California Campo Chino, CA December: On the 26th, Luis Seyra and Cosmé Nuñez seized from authorities and killed for alleged murder. House Ex. Doc #73^24 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead. Luis Seyra; Cosmé Nuñez PTH
1863 Texas Galveston, Texas Soldiers riot over meager provisions. They turned their guns on the town and forced commandant to give them what they wanted. Tatum.Disloyalty, p.52
1863 Texas Galveston, TX Soldiers took their meager rations and burned them in the street. Tatum.Disloyalty, p.52
1863 Alabama Alabama Women may have been involved in breach riots in NC, Alabama, Texas and Virginia. Klement.Copperheads, p.220
1863 Texas Texas Women may have been involved in breach riots in NC, Alabama, Texas and Virginia. Klement.Copperheads, p.220
1863 Virginia Virginia Women may have been involved in breach riots in NC, Alabama, Texas and Virginia. Klement.Copperheads, p.220
1863 North Carolina North Carolina Women may have been involved in breach riots in NC, Alabama, Texas and Virginia. Klement.Copperheads, p.220
1863 Iowa Waterloo, Iowa Soldiers on leave seized an agent of the Dubuque Herald and repeatedly ducked him in the river. Klement.Copperheads, p.220
1863 Pennsylvania Cass Township, PA January: 40 Molly Maguires attacked the house of John McDonald breaking his windows and doors and threatening to kill him. He escaped. Dewees.MM, p.52 John McDonald
1863 Michigan Hamtrunck, Michigan February: Gang of African Americans assaulted a white man. Schneider. "Detroit," Mid. Hist. 58 (1974) 13
1863 Iowa Keokuk, Iowa February: About 75 convelescing soldiers from a nearby military hospital attacked the offices of the Keokuk Constitution (Dem paper) wrecking the presses and dumping the type out of the window. Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.142
1863 New York NYC February: Hook and Ladder company 18 attacked Engine Company 26. Cook.Armies, p.30
1863 New York NYC February: 28 deserters arrested and a small riot occurred when sympathetic citizens attempted to rescue them. McCay.Civil War and NYC, p.185
1863 Illinois Richmond March: Mob attacks newspaper office. Klement.Copperheads, p.162
1863 Illinois Belleville March: Mob attacks newspaper office. Klement.Copperheads, p.162
1863 Ohio Columbus, Ohio March: Party of 100 or so destroyed newspaper office of Samuel Medery's Crisis. Mob probably composed of soldiers who opposed the paper's position on the war. Armed with sabers and revolvers, they were prepared to beat back any opposition. They proceeded in a workmenlike manner. Officers and police disperse them. Rosebaum. "Mobbing of the Crisis," Ohio St. Arch and History (1950) 150-153 Samuel Medery
1863 New York NYC March: Hose companies 9 and 50 slugged it out. Cook.Armies, p.30
1863 Indiana Cartersville (Connersville?), Indiana March: Mob of soldiesr and Union League men seize Democratic politician Harrison H. Dodd while he was changing trains on a trip from Danville to Indianapolis. They jostled and insulted him, some threatened to hang him, others tar and feather him. However, some moderates managed to get him released. No source given Harrison H. Dodd PTH Edits
1863 North Carolina Salisbury, NC March: Successful Bread riot by women. Tire. "Bread or Blood," Civil War Times Illustrated, 12 (1974) 12-191
1863 Midwest Spring: Democratic party rallies sometimes broken up by Republican rowdies or by soldiers on leave. Klement.Copperheads, p.162
1863 New York NYC April: Irish longshoremen strike. For three days strikers beat up blacks along the cosk in an effort to enforce an "all-white" rule and enforce standard wage. Metropolitan police also fought with strikers and when they attempted to protect black people. Bernstein, p.119-120
1863 Virginia Richmond April: Women lead bread riot. First march on governor's mansion, then go to the markets, break into stores and take various items like shoes, etc. Little if any bred involved, although that was their basic demand. Crowd break up with the arrival of officials. Not Mary Jackson charged with misdemeanor. Tice. "Bread or Blood," Civil War Times, Illustrated, 12 (1974) 12-191 Mary Jackson
1863 Indiana Indianapolis May: 20,000 attend Democratic meeting to protest Valladigham's arrest. Some Democrats and soldiers engage in fisticuffs as soldiers interrupted the meeting. Arrests were made. Later, soldiers stop trains carrying Democrats from meeting and confiscated weapons. Republicans, later referred to this as battle of Pogue's Run. Klement.Copperheads, p.98
1863 New York NYC June: Continuation of longshoremen's strike turns violent. Irish strikers drive black workers and others willing to work from the piers. Bernstein, p.119-120
1863 Illinois Isabel, Illinois June: Draft protestors seized enrollment books, claiming that only Democrats were listed. Sterling, p.256-257
1863 New York NYC June: Hook and Ladder company 4 took on Hose Company 1 and Hook and Ladder Company 3. Cook.Armies, p.30
1863 Indiana Shelbyville, Indiana June: Rioting broke out between supporters of abolitionist and pro-Southerners on Saturday in what was probably a market day. Several (??) torn down and cattle and swine allowed to enter a garden. Turbulent Times, p.94
1863 Illinois Pleasant Township, Illinois June: Mob harassed Provost Marshall B.F. Westcake during enrollment. Sterlings. "Civil War Draft Resisitance," 256; Klement.Copperheads, p.79 B.F. Westcake
1863 Illinois Chicago June: Mob pelted provost Marshall with bricks, etc., and left him unconscious and dead in the street. Rioters were Irish and acted after two Irishmen had been arrested for failing to give named to enrolling officers. Several (??) involved. Sterling. Journal of Illinois St. Hist., p.259; Klement.Copperheads, p.79
1863 Illinois Hancock, Illinois June: Bands of armed men visited enrolling officers in the middle of the night demanding enrollment lists. Sterling. "Civil War Draft Resistance," p.255
1863 Iowa Pottawattamie Co., IA July: A man named Miller hanged for alleged horse theft Black, "Lynchings in Iowa," 210 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice. Miller PTH
1863 Massachusetts Boston July: Draft riots quickly quelled. Lofton.Northern Labor, p.272; Boston Herald, July 1, 1863
1863 Illinois Clark County July: 50 mounted men terrorized the family of enrolling officer C.F. Andrews, searched for enrollment books and threatened to kill him. Sterling, p.258 C.F. Andrews
1863 Illinois Franklin County July: Armed band of 100 deserters disrupted draft enrollment. Sterling, p.258
1863 New York NYC July-August: After the Draft Riots, beatings of black people by gangs of white boys continued through the summer. Bernstein, p.66
1863 Illinois Oconee, Illinois July: Sixty armed men threatened to seize enrollment books. Sterling, p.257
1863 New York Buffalo, NY July: Irish stevedores attack black stevedores for supposedly taking white jobs. Shots exchanged, some black and white people wounded. Whites attacked black neighborhood called "Dug's Dive" Lofton. "Northern Labor," J. of N. Hist., 34 (1949) 262
1863 Massachusetts Boston July: Draft riot began when crowd of angered women attacked two provost marshals who had come to serve papers in the North End. Idle men soon joined the women and beat a police officer. At dinner time the crowd swelled and the police were forced to retreat and barricade themselves in the North Station house. The mayor called upon the militia who repulsed an attack on the armory using cannon fire. Police and militia turned back the mob from Dock Square, where the mob hoped to obtain weapons. Soon after, the riot ended. Lowe.Policing the City, p.133-134
1863 New York Staten Island, NY July: Draft riots. Mob burns carbarn of S.I. RR at Vanderbilt's landing. Attack homes and business of African Americans. Beat and maybe kill some black people. Ruekstin. "Draft Riots"
1863 New York Troy, NY July: Rioting against the draft and blacks started at Renssler Iron Founding and Albany Mail works. African Americans threatened. Loften. "Nothern Labor", p.272
1863 New York Troy, NY July: Draft riot - 300 to 400 laborers from local foundry marched through town, demanding an end to the draft, stoned andd gutted the office of the Troy times, threatened a black church and released 80 prisoners from jail. Several houses gutted, too. Coakley.Role, p.256-257
1863 New Jersey Newark, NJ July: Minor draft riot. Lofton. "Northern Labor…," p.272
1863 New Jersey Jersey City, NJ July: Minor draft riot. Lofton. "Nothern Labor," p.272
1863 New Hampshire Portsmouth, NH July: Draft riot. Local police manage to quell it. Coakley.Role, p.258-259
1863 Pennsylvania Lancaster, PA July: Mob of German-Americans gathered around the courthouse and prevented the provost-marshal from drawing names for the draft. A group of soldiers appeared and mob broke up. Shankman. "Draft Resistance," p.195
1863 North Carolina Raleigh, NC September: Georgia troops attempt to capture unionist editor W.W. Holden when they couldn't find him they raided the office of his paper, the Standard and threw the tape and some papers in the street. Two hundred of his supporters retaliatedby attacking the office of the State Journal, the Confederate paper, completely demolishing the office. Tatum.Disloyalty, p.122 W.W. Holden
1863 Ohio Springfield, OH October: Republicans rally and then harassed Democrats. The Reps visited the homes of prominent Dems "hissed, groaned" and threw stones at the windows, breaking many. Black and white people did this together. Klement.Copperheads, p.221
1864 Nebraska Plattsmouth Vigilantes captured a horse thief, "Short Nose Bill," and induced him to betray the rendezvous location of his gang. The vigilantes hid Bill at the home of D.A. Young. The thieves were not at the location given by Bill, so the vigilantes returned and threatened to hang the man. Bill pleaded for his life and provided a different rendezvous location, where the vigilantes succesfully found their targets. Olive Gass, The Vigilantes, Nebraska's First Defenders, Nebraska History Magazine, 3-18. "Short Nose Bill" PTH
1864 Nebraska Plattsmouth Vigilantes capture three horse thieves and organize their own informal trial. The vigilantes sentences all three men to death. One asked to be shot, but was hanged all the same. One wrote a note to his mother. Olive Gass, The Vigilantes, Nebraska's First Defenders, Nebraska History Magazine, 3-18. PTH
1864 Colorado Near Parker, CO September: US troops lynch 5 members of the Reynolds Gang for alleged theft. Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1 PTH
1864 Arizona Prescott June: claim club organized The Arizona Miner: June 22, 1864 PTH
1864 Colorado Denver, CO June: Haslet lynched for alleged theft and cheating. Leonard, Lynching in Colorado, Table A.1 Haslet PTH
1864 Montana Bannack, MT January: Vigilante action against a gang of thieves and murderers. Henry Plummer, sheriff of Bannock and Virginia, led the criminal band. Vigilantes lynched Plummer, George Lane, George Ives, Ned Ray, Buck Stinson, John Wagner alias Dutch John, Red alias Bevens, Brown, Hayes Lyon, Jack Gallagher, Frank Parish, and Boone Helm. Joe Pizanthia, known as "Spanish Frank," hanged and corpse burned. Bancroft, Popular Tribunals as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead and "LYNCH LAW AMONG THE MORMONS" Glasgow Herald March 26, 1864 Joe "Spaniard Frank" Pizanthia; Henry Plummer; George Lane; George Ives; Ned Ray; Buck Stinson; John "Dutch John" Wagner; Reed alias Bevens; Brown; Hayes Lyon; Jack Gallagher; Frank Parish; Boone Helm PTH
1864 California Natividad February: On the 9th, Patrocinio Lopez lynched for alleged murder. Monterey Gazette, 12 Feb 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead. Patrocinio Lopez PTH
1864 California San Pedro February: On the 18th, Jesús Arellanes lynched for alleged murder. H. H. Bancroft, Reference Notes as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead. Jesús Arellanes PTH
1864 Missouri Missouri February: Mob seized captured guerilla John F. Bolin and lynched him. Fellman.Inside War, p.120 John F. Bolin
1864 Nevada Auroroa, Nevada February: Vigilantes take 4 men out of jail who had been accused of murder and hanged them. Subsequently they oredered out local toughs from the community. McGrath.Gunfighters, p.94-97
1864 Illinois Paris, Illinois February: Six soldiers and 14 copperheads fight as soldiers attempt to capture cache of arms. Two soldiers wounded, one copperhead killed. Coleman and Spence. "Charleston Riot," p.17
1864 Iowa Appanoose Co., IA February: John Seaman shot for alleged horse theft and arson Black, "Lynchings in Iowa," 212 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice. John Seaman PTH
1864 Illinois Hordin, Calhoun county, Illinois March: Fatal encounter - after a soldier shot a man who cheered Jeff Davis. Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.165
1864 Illinois Charleston, Illinois March: Riot occurs on court day between local copperheads and soldiers returning from furlough. Nine killed in gun battle that started as an argument between copperhead and soldiers. Six were soldiers, one a Republican bystander. Coleman and Spence. "Charleston Riot"
1864 Colorado Spanish Bar June: A man flogged and banished for "attempted outrage on a child." The Daily Mining Journal, June 15, 1864 PTH
1864 Nevada La Plata, NV June: Vigilantes shot and clubbed to death José Aniceto Baldenbro and Simon Montoya for not cooperating with them. Virginia Daily Union (Virginia City), 14 June 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead. José Aniceto Baldenbro; Simon Montoya PTH
1864 New York NYC July: Lager-beer saloon at Tenth ave. Brawl turned into a battle with police. One man killed, six arrested. Cook.Armies, p.19
1864 Montana Virginia City August: Pat Brady shot Lynch while trying to shoot Murphy. The miners organized a hasty trial and lynched Brady that evening. Jem Kelly was deemed an accessory to murder and given fifty lashes. The Rocky Mountain News, August 27, 1864 and Dimdsale, The Vigilantes of Montana, 192 Pat Brady; Jem Kelly PTH
1864 Montana Virginia City Septeber: The "vigies" caught Jem Kelly for stealing a mule and hanged him. They had previously given Kelly fifty lashes for accessory to murder. The Rocky Mountain News, September 21, 1864 and Dimsdale, The Vigilantes of Montana, 192 Jem Kelly PTH
1864 California Near Snelling, CA September: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged theft. Sacramento Union, 23 Sept 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead. PTH
1864 California Near Snelling, CA September: Unknown Mexican lynched for alleged theft. Sacramento Union, 23 Sept 1864 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead. PTH
1864 Pennsylvania Minersville, PA January: A crowd of Molly Maguires armed with clubs attacked Thomas Trear and Mr. Benseman. Dewees.MM, p.52 Thomas Trear; Benseman
1864 Illinois Paris, Edgar County, Illinois March: Group of furloughed soldiers threatened violence, causing Democratic congressman John M. Eden to cancel speech. Democratic supporters however get into brawl with the soldiers. Gray.Hidden Civil War, p.165 John M. Eden PTH Edits
1864 Indiana Shelbyville April: Fight between soldiers of 52nd and 33rd Regiments over bragging rights. Some injuries. Serious weapons shown, but not used. An Indianapolis paper reported that the riot was between copperheads and soldiers. Local paper denies this. "Turbulent Times," p.96
1864 Kansas Forth Leavenworth, KS December: Pvt. Charles Lockman murdered Pvt. John Groce, both of the Second Colorado Cavalry. Disregarding military regulations, the rest of the men, lead by Lt. Wise, organized their own trial and lynched Lockman. Wise would be court martialed, but recieved a remitted sentence. Christopher Rein, The Second Colorado Cavalry: A Civil War Regiment on the Great Plains (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2020), 37. Charles Lockman PTH
1865 Georgia Augusta, Georgia January: Some black soldiers, joined by local black people, foght with whites over "a widow lady…who at the time had several young ladies staying with her." Other Union soldiers quelled the riot, but not until six African Americans had been killed or mortally wounded. The riot followed rumors that some Irishmen had attacks black people. Garson and O'Brien, p.247
1865 South Carolina Charleston, SC July: Men from New York regiment fought with black soldiers in the 21st US colored troops. Fighting began with a shooting skirmish at the market place on the 8th. Ended with New Yorkers ordered out of the city. At least one black person killed. Williamson.After Slavery, p.258
1865 Tennessee Springfield, Tennessee September: Confederate guerillas killed one black person, tortured some, and robbed others. Garson and O'Brien, p.247
1865 Virginia Alexandria, VA December: Riot on Christmas Day between white and black people. 14 black people and 2 white people killed. Garson and O'Brien, p.247; Hennessey, p.17
1865 Pennsylvania Philadelphia An attack on Edward Ingersall (not sure by one or more persons) for a speech he made in NY. He defended himself with a cane and then drew a pistol. He was arrested for A+B. Outside Spring Garden Hall a crowd gathered and threatened to lynch him. His brother arrived and attempted to offer bail, but the charge was enlarged to treason. On leaving, Ingersall was attacked and injured by the crowd. Edward was sent elsewhere to avoid further disorder. Scharf and Wescott, p.825 Edward Ingersall
1865 Colorado Denver April: A people's court tries William Tabor (?) for rejoicing at the assasination of Abraham Lincoln. The court proposes flogging, shaving, tar and feathering, and banishing the man. Eventually, he is simply surrendered to the military. The Rocky Mountain News, April 21, 1865 William Tabor PTH
1865 Nebraska Kearney April: A teamster, Fox, murdered a man named Eldred en route to Colorado. Members of the 17th Kansas captrued Fox and brought him to Kearney, where a "people's court" sentenced him to hanging. Fox requested the sheriff of the people's court shoot him instead, and refused both blindfold and hand bindings. The sheriff accomodated these wishes, and "the fiend thus atoned blood for blood, as he deserved." The Rocky Mountain News, April 11, 1865 Fox PTH
1865 Washington Walla Walla April: Angered by horse and cattle theft, the citizens of Walla Walla formed a vigilance committee. The vigilantes proceeded to hang 15 men. Doc. Reed, "N***** Jim," McKenzie, Tom Reeves, Charles Wilson, and Joseph Petis all named as victims of the lynching. The newspaper does not condem the action. Seattle Weekly Gazzette, April 27 1865. Also listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice. Doc. Reed; N***** Jim; McKenzie; Tom Reeves; Charles Wilson; Joseph Petis PTH
1865 New York Berne, Albany County, NYS May: Farm of Hiram Secor sold under Supreme Court decree for Van Rensselaer. Band of masked and disguised Indians ejected new occupants. Efforts to put them back in were resisted and sheriff had to use armed force. Rosendale. "Closing Phases…," Proc. Of NYS H.S., 8 (1909) 239
1865 Iowa Mills Co., IA May: Hanging of James Henderson for alleged horse theft and threat to blow up the treasurer's office Black, "Lynchings in Iowa," 217 James Henderson PTH
1865 Minnesota Mankato May: John Campbell, a Native man, hanged for alleged murder. Ziebarth, "Judge Lynch in Minnesota," 72 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice. John Campbell PTH
1865 California Eight Miles from Montery May: Juan Higuera, the son of 1854 victim, lynched for alleged murder of a deputy. Monterey Gazette, 19 May 1865 as listed in Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead. Juan Higuera PTH
1865 Iowa Pottawattamie Co., IA June: Man named Lacey hanged for alleged theft Black, "Lynchings in Iowa," 217-218 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice. Lacey PTH
1865 Michigan Hancock and Houghton, Michigan July: Upper Peninsular copper miners riot and strike. Military intimidates them back to work. Rodgers. "Deliverance," MH, p.16-21
1865 Michigan Marquette, Michigan July: Upper Peninsular iron miners strike over wage cut and riot, destroying property. Military brought in two times to intimidate the miners back to work. Rodgers. "Deliverance," MH, p.16-21
1865 Illinois Nashville, Washington Co. July: Hanging of a man named "White" for alleged murder and arson New York Times, July 16, 1865 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice. White PTH
1865 Indiana Shelburn, Sullivan Co. August: Hanging of man named Miller for alleged murderous assault New York Times, August 5, 1865 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice. Miller PTH
1865 Oregon La Grande August: Hispanic man labeled "Mexican" hanged for alleged horse theft Seatte Weekly, August 26, 1865 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice. PTH
1865 North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC September: College students and other whites attacked a black meeting. The black people counter-attacked with sticks forcing the white people to retreat. Rable, p.29
1865 New York Niagara city, Niagara co. September: A mob, colluding with local police, torched two houses belonging to Maria Moody. At least one functioned as a brothel. Members of the mob siezed Moody and placed her in the local jail until the destruction was complete. Transcript Appeals. The File of Opinions in Cases Argued before the Court of Appeals of the State of New York, 273-277 Maria Moody PTH
1865 Iowa Clinton Co., IA October: Hanging of James Hiner for alleged horse theft Black, "Lynchings in Iowa," 219 as listed in Pfeifer, The Roots of Rough Justice. James Hiner PTH
1865 Pennsylvania Pit Hole October: Vigilance committee formed in response to highway robberies. Lynch law and "no mercy" threatened. The Nebraska City News, October 14, 1865 PTH
1865 Montana Virginia City October: Two alleged horse thieves - John Morgan and John Jackson - lynched by Vigilance Committee. To their corpse was pinned the warning "Road Agents beware." The Rocky Mountian News, October 20, 1865 and Dimsdale, The Vigilante of Montana 106 and Dillon, The Montana Vigilantes 1863–1870, 187 John Morgan; John Jackson PTH
1865 Kentucky Louisville, Kentucky November-May: Race riot. Holmes. "Memphis Race Riot," p.197
1865 Tennessee Chattenooga Race riot. Holmes. "Memphis Race Riot," p.197
1865 Nebraska Nebraska City December: Residents meet to organize a vigilance committee following the murder of John Baldwin and the robbery of $500. Nebraska Herald, December 20, 1865 PTH
1865 Louisiana New Orleans, LA December: Black and white longshoremen strike for higher wages. They marched along the levee in a procession and beat up some men still working. The police then interceded, breaking up the strikers. Somers. "Black and White," p.30
1865 Tennessee Clarkesville, TN December: Riot broke out when a policeman attempted to arrest a soldier. Battle between white and black people; several wounded. Garson and O'Brian, p.247